History of the Development of State Science Greek Period

Science is basically the result of human thought, while humans have the freedom to express their thoughts. Knowledge is dynamic in accordance with the development of society. Therefore, science can be said to be the main symbol of progress.

The beginning of the development of science began when humans recognized the kind of knowledge that was still primitive like the Greeks. Human awareness of knowledge and humanity can be said to be advanced so that it contributes to science.

Knowledge and investigation of the country began to exist since the time of Greek Ancient (Budiardjo, 2008: 23). 

The Greeks are known as a nation that has a very high civilization and is even considered the first civilization before the existence of subsequent civilizations. In the field of government, Ancient Greece recognized democratic government by giving freedom to everyone to express their opinion. 

At that time, the state was still in the form of policies or the Greek State.

The existence of the policy was originally a place at the top of a hill where people set up a house and place to mention it. 

Then it was surrounded by shelters to protect the population against enemy attacks from outside, (Basah, 2011: 92).

Polls is the highest organization that not only regulates relationships between organizations in the policy but also regulates the personal lives of its citizens. 

Because the policy is identical to the people of the state or state, the policy is a city-state (standstaat/citystate).

The government in the policy is a direct democracy where the people are directly involved in determining government policy (direct government by all the people). 

This was because the state at that time was synonymous with the notion of a city with a very limited area. In addition to the relatively small number of residents, therefore, one of the characteristics of democracy is the participation of people in government and the direct participation of the people. (Wet, 2011: 92). 

With participating directly in the government of that people to supervise the running of the government's. At that time, the so-called "people" were citizens who made up a small proportion of the population of Athens.

According to RM Mac Iver, in his book The Web of Government (1958: 175), citizens are city dwellers in the Athens area. Meanwhile, people's supervision was carried out by deliberation of the people (Greek: ecclesia, Roman: comitia )

At that time there were several philosophers whose thoughts contributed to life and culture in the world today, including:

The victory of the Greeks over the Persians exalted dignity and created a feeling of pride in the Greeks. Besides, the Greeks began to enjoy the prosperity that trade resulted from. 

However, the officials of the Greek state began to forget their main task, even they acted arbitrarily, corruption, and other actions that were felt by their citizens to be very unfair.

At that time, many scientists who belonged to the Sophists from outside the region, especially from Asia Minor, came to Greece. Sophis comes from the word Sophia Sophia which means wise / wisdom. Adherents of this school are called Sophism. (Wet, 2011: 96).

Among the sophists was Socrates, who appeared in the midst of society as a philosopher with the dialectical method/question and answer (dialogue). 

I try to find certain definitions, legal bases, and objective justice that can be applied to everyone. According to him, in the heart of every human being is true law and justice, because every human being is part of God's light.

Socrates in terms of the state argues that the state is an organization created for the public interest, not for private interests. The state is an objective structure based on human nature and is tasked with implementing objective laws that contain justice for the general public (Basah, 2011: 98). 

Therefore the state must be based on true justice so that humans can get calm, tranquility, and peace. Not persecution, discrimination, or injustice.

According to him, humans get along with each other, help each other. and in that context, the state's duty is to carry out a law that is objective in nature, contains general justice, and does not merely fulfill the needs of the rulers whose officials change according to the regime. (Soehino, 2001: 15).

However, Socrates' teachings were considered endangering the state, until he was finally sentenced to death by being ordered to drink poison. (Sinamo, 2011: 24).

Plato was a student of Socrates and founded a school of philosophy, Academia. In contrast to Socrates, Plato left several books, including books containing questions and answers with Socrates. The most important books written by Plato are : (Wet, 2011: 100).

Plato continued the teachings of Socrates. In his single teaching, namely Politeia, it is described as the existence of a perfect state (ideale staat). Therefore Plato's teachings are called idealism. According to Plato's teachings, the world can be divided into two, namely: (Wet, 2011: 102).

The world of the mind is perfect and true, while the world of nature is false and imperfect. Therefore , what is in the natural world must be endeavored to approach the perfect form that is in the world of the mind. Plato's view is normative because he wants buildings in the natural world to be the same as the world of minds.

In connection with the world of mind, absolute ideals can be divided into three, namely: (Basah, 2011: 102).

According to Plato, the origin of the state is because of the many necessities of life and human desires and humans are unable to fulfill all their needs and desires (Basah, 2011: 103). 

Therefore, then humans work together and get a division of tasks according to their ability to meet their needs. The state is one big family, one unit. 

Therefore, the state must be able to maintain itself. In order to maintain itself, the area of a country must be measured. A country cannot have an unknown area.

Countries in the world are imperfect because they are a reflection of a perfect country (de ideal staat) in the world of the mind. The world of the mind is part of philosophy. The goal of the country is to learn, know and achieve true goals. The goal of humans in the state is to achieve good life (happiness, perfection). (Wet, 2011: 104).

To create a perfect state there are several conditions that must be met. Socrates put forward two conditions, then Plato added one more condition. These requirements are : (Basah, 2011: 106).

Furthermore, in the eighth part of Politeia, Plato describes the form of a state, where the state can be distinguished into five types, namely: (Wet, 2011: 107) :

According to Plato, the emergence of society is due to mutual needs. 

Therefore people exchange services. Society is a human structure in which every member must give and receive. 

The state must pay attention to this reciprocal exchange and must do its best. In this system, humans act as the organizer of the various tasks required and their price to society depends on the value of the work they do. The most important thing for each individual in a position that allows them to do something.

The exchange of services gives rise to the principle of division of labor and specialization of tasks, namely work differentiation and specialization. 

Everyone has different talents, therefore their work is adjusted to the talents they have.

Social justice according to Plato is a principle of a society consisting of different humans who are united because of mutual need, where everyone has to do their job and accept what is due. 

The division of labor and specialization of tasks in the field are conditions for cooperation in society.

Based on the main points of his theory, it can be seen that the basis of Plato's reason for proposing a utopian state about the origin of the state. 

In connection with the origin of the state, a parallel line can be drawn between the nature of the State and human nature which gives rise to three kinds of characteristics, namely truth, courage and need. This in turn gives rise to three classes in a utopian (ideal-ethical) state, namely :

With regard to the origin of the state, according to Plato, the growing state is divided into various levels, namely :

According to Plato, there are three important issues that must be considered, namely:

Aristotle was a philosopher pupil of Plato who had a lot of influence in medieval times. Aristotle was once commissioned by King Philippus to educate Iskandar Dzulkarnain (342 AD). In 335 AD he returned to Greece and founded the Lyceum school in Greece. (Wet, 2011: 112).

Aristotle continued Plato's idealism to realism. 

Therefore Aristotle's philosophy is teaching about reality (ontology), which is a realistic way of thinking and the method of investigation is empirically inductive. Aristotle is known as the Father of Empirical Sciences (Vader der Empirische Wetenschap). (Wet, 2011: 113)

Aristotle did not divide the world into two parts as Plato did. It only acknowledges one world. The books written by Aristotle based on his investigations are : (Basah, 2011: 113-114).

Aristotle agreed with Plato regarding the goals of the State, namely: (Wet, 2011: 114)

In connection with the existence of the state, according to Aristotle, humans are different from animals because animals can live alone, while humans are destined to live with other humans. To make ends meet, humans need other humans. Humans are Zoon Politicons. (Wet, 2011: 114)

Humans can live happily in and because of the State. Therefore, humans cannot be separated from the State because they are part of the State or society. Thus, the state is the main one. This understanding is called universalism or collectivism, not individualism.

Therefore, the aim of the State is the perfection of citizens based on justice, justice, citizens rule and must be incarnated in the State. In addition, the law functions to give every human being what is due to him.

Aristotle argued that in every good State, it is the law that has the highest sovereignty, not individuals. Aristotle favors rulers who govern by the constitution and govern with the consent of their citizens, not dictatorships.

According to Aristotle, a constitution- based government contains three elements, namely :

Furthermore, according to Aristotle, with regard to the form of the State, there are 3 basic forms, namely :

An ideal form can occur if the government is aimed at the public interest based on justice, and that justice must be incarnated in the state. In addition, a state is said to be good if it has been in the form of a Constitutional Republic with the characteristics of governance for the public interest and is run based on law.

There are three types of state that are included in the form of mind based on quantitative, namely regarding the number of people who rule, namely : (Basah, 2011: 117).

The form of corruption (corruption or degenerate form). This form of degeneration can occur when the government is aimed at the personal interests of those in power, abuse arises and the public interest and justice are ignored.

There are also 3 types of state that are included in the form of degeneration based on qualitative measures, namely related to the goals to be achieved, namely: (Basah, 2011: 118)

In reality, the form of the state of the mind never takes place, but always becomes a mixed form. Therefore, in reality, the form of a State is divided into two, namely: a mixed form and corruption or degenerate form. (Wet, 2011: 118).

Epicurus's opinion deviated from the prevailing opinion in Greece at that time. According to Epicurus' opinion, society exists because of human interests so that what is concerned is not society as a unit but humans who are part of society. (Wet, 2011: 120)

Humans as citizens in a country are considered as an atom or a grain of sand, so they are atomistic, only thinking about life for themselves. This view is called an individualistic view.

Based on an individualistic view, Epicurus argued that the state was caused by individual interests. The purpose of the State is to maintain order and security in society and does not care about the type, nature, or form of the state, while the goals of society are the personal interests of each.

Therefore, in order to avoid disputes between members of the public regarding these different interests, laws or regulations are made as a result of a community agreement. (Wet, 2011: 120).

Zeno was the leader of the Stoazijnen school of philosophy (stoa: a pictorial street market / beschilderde marktgaanderij) who lived in difficult times, the same as Epicurus. Zeno teaches his understanding to his students in a way with pictures. The stoazijnen school gave rise to natural law (natuurrecht) or fundamental law in Greek culture.

The teachings of natural law distinguish nature into two parts, namely: (Basah, 2011: 121).

Ma nature nusia (natuur van de mens) Human nature visible to human nature. 

That is nature that lies in the human mind which is the profound substance of the human being, and the mind is traditional. Religion is of nature, pantheistisch (pan: everywhere; theos: God and God are everywhere). 

With this, religion believes that God is everywhere. God is nature itself. Humans are part of nature, automatically, humans are part of God so that human minds are part of God's mind. 

Because God is eternal, God's mind is also eternal, the human mind is immortal. 

This causes the law as a creation of the human mind to be immortal. Therefore it can be concluded that the laws of nature are eternal, encompassing everything because they apply to everyone at any time, place, and situation. Humans are depicted statically so that the laws for humans also do not change. Therefore there is no difference between the law that applies now (ius constitutum) and the law that will come (ius constituendum). 

Therefore, the notion of statehood is based on this characteristic, namely a political cosmo that does not recognize the feeling of nationality. The state does not have to be based on a feeling of nationality, it must be cultivated by a country that covers the whole world or a country that is a world country.

Nature of objects (natuur van de zaak) Namely the nature of objects that emerged in Greek culture. Namely, nature which has the central meaning of the cosmos, as opposed to chaos. According to Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, the depiction of the world as a cosmos is an orderly unity, whereas in a world in chaos, there is no compulsion against a rule, there is no order so that in society there is chaos.

Regarding the state, Polybios continued Aristotle's understanding. According to Polybios, the process of development, growth, and deterioration of the forms of the State is psychologically related to human characteristics according to Aristotle's teachings, namely that the absence of an eternal form of state is caused because it contains the seeds of destruction, such as rebellion, revolution and so on.

These seeds are caused by human characteristics, namely: (Wet, 2011: 124)

The cycle above Polybios explains that as the oldest form of state is a monarchy, the government is run by someone who is appointed to be the leader of the state because that person has the talent of intelligence and courage that is different from the others. I a called Primus iner pares or the first of the same as onder de gelijkern. It governs well and is aimed at the public interest based on justice. (Wet, 2011: 125).

This monarchy eventually turned into Tyranny, when his successors then acted sidetracked, ruled for selfish interests, and acted arbitrarily. So that it gave rise to rebellion from its citizens because they could not endure the suffering and oppression of a tyrant.

As a result of the resistance, the residents chose several clever aristocrats to be trusted to rule. With this arose the aristocratic form of the state.

The aristocracy eventually experienced a process of decline and decline because the leadership of the State acted in the interests of those in power, acting arbitrarily to take justice into their own hands. This resulted in the formation of the Oligarchy state.

This Oligarchy also suffered the same fate as Tyranny, because his arbitrary actions and rape of the law led to resistance from his citizens against some of the country's leaders. So finally the leadership is held directly by the citizens or the people. So that the form of a democratic state emerged.

Democracy according to Polybios also experiences a process of decline, if its citizens or the people who rule do not know the least about government and without educational experience. So that arose governance from lowly riffraff people. Because of that, the form of the Okhlocracy emerged.

After the government of the Okhlocracy caused the depravity and depravity of this democracy, the peak point occurred, namely the citizens were aware of and wanted a good and just government. Therefore, a citizen emerged who dared to come forward and take over the leadership of the country. So that finally the form of the Monarchical state emerged. (Wet, 2011: 126).

When analyzed, the Polybios cycle will be different from the theory of state forms proposed by Plato and Aristotle. Although there were empirically Polybios cycle has never happened, but logically be accepted by science, especially Il mu State.