History of the Development of State Science Medieval Times

The Middle Ages were a special time, due to the widespread influence of Christianity. 

As a result, the Roman rulers could not possibly escape it and were forced to accept it as a real force. However, the problem that arose later was the polemic between the state and the church.

In this century, there are several thinkers who represent thoughts about state science, including :

Augustine with his skills was able to formulate new ideas by taking materials from Ancient Greek thoughts and Christian thoughts. At an advanced age, he was appointed bishop of Hippo Regius on the coast of North Africa. His famous books are; civitas dei (country of God) and civitas Terrena (country of Satan). (Wet, 2011: 143)

Civitas dei is the eternal kingdom of God, but the spirit of worldliness is present in the Church of Christ as the representative of the civitas dei in a mortal world.

Is the work of the devil or worldly. If you have received forgiveness from God, then the civitas will become good.

Civitas terrena devote themselves to civitas dei. Therefore, in the civitas terrena there is a mixture of religion, science, and art. The terrena community is a preparation for the dei civitas.

The Roman Empire can be compared to the terrena civitas that grew, developed, and eventually perished because of greed. In order not to make this happen again, the leaders of the state must lead with the spirit of the civitas dei, namely to practice and recommend that Christianity be included in the state as has been carried out by Konstantin Theodisius in Constantinople. (Wet, 2011: 144).

So, at that time religion played an important role. Knowledge and everything must be subject to religion. The country is prepared to become God's country. The existence of countries in the world is to eradicate the enemies of the church.

Thomas Aquino is a figure of the flow law of nature, which was originally thought not receive by Roman Catholic groups. But in the end, Aquino's thoughts were used as the basis of philosophy.

According to the source, natural law can be divided into two types, namely :

In his most famous books, Summa Theologica and De Regimene Principum, Thomas Aquino expose his thoughts on natural law which have influenced the church and have even become the basis of the church's thinking to this day.

Thomas Aquino divides the law into four legal groups, namely: (Basah, 2011: 145).

It is the ratio of God Himself that governs all things and is the source of all laws. This ratio cannot be captured by the five human senses.

Is a part of the ratio of God that can be captured by humans based on the time they receive.

Is the incarnation of lex Aeterna in the human ratio.

It is a law that applies and becomes the implementer of natural laws by humans which are related to the special conditions required by the state of the world. Positive law consists of positive laws made by God, as found in the scriptures, and positive laws made by humans.

Regarding his conception of natural law, Thomas Aquino divides the principles of natural law into two types, namely: (Utrecht, 1962: 37-38).

These are principles that are naturally owned by humans since their birth, are absolutely applicable, and cannot change anywhere and under any circumstances. Therefore humans are ordered to do good and are prohibited from committing crimes, as contained in the ten commandments of God (Ten Geboden)

Is a principle derived by the human ratio from the prime Principia, so it is a prime interpretation carried out by humans themselves. Therefore, the Principia Secundaria does not apply absolutely and changes according to place and era. This interpretation can be bad if it is selfish and detrimental to the public interest, thus causing people to go astray.

In 1313, Dante published his book, De Monarchia, one of his major works and is Dante's only legacy which is a national work. In his book, Dante dreams of a world empire against the Pope's kingdom. The world kingdom will carry out world peace. According to Dante, the goal of the state is to carry out world peace by imposing the same laws for all people. (Wet, 2011: 149).

Furthermore, Dante divides the De Monarchia Book into three discussion chapters, namely :

Chapter I deals with the kingdoms of the world. In this chapter, Dante emphasizes the need for a world empire, namely for the interests of the world itself in order to carry out world peace. The kingdom of the world is the highest freedom and justice. People who live by different regulations are dealt with by regulations that can create cooperation among peoples. The world kingdom (empire) is a unit of power because if the kingdom is divided it will be destroyed.

Chapter II describes the will of God. According to Dante, the Romans conquered other nations, so that at the final stage the victory embodied the highest justice. So according to him, medieval kings were the rightful heirs of the Roman kings.

Chapter III concerning the power of the king. According to Dante, whether the king's power came from God or through an intermediary. Genesis is considered to be the source of Innocentius Il's theory of his Light Theory as the key to the power of the Pope which originated from Mattheus, Bernard Clairvaux's Theory of the Two Slices of the Sword, as well as the teachings of the Prize of Constantin. All of these theories were interpreted by Dante so that he finally concluded that the emperor obtained direct power from God to rule and administer the country, and did not depend on an intermediary who was incarnated in the Pope. The Pope is only in power in all matters relating to spirituality. (Wet, 2011: 151).

Dante's opinion was supported by the Franciscan group, namely the priests who recommended that the Pope be a priest again who lived simply and solely for the holiness of God. Therefore, the Pope should not interfere in the affairs of the world's luxuries that can destroy the people's trust.

Born in the city of Padua which is the city center to study Aristotle's philosophy. Marsiglio is usually called Marsilius of Padua.

In 1324, Marsiglio's famous work, Defensor Pacis, was published, which consisted of three books or dictionaries, namely: (Basah, 2011: 153).

The first dictio describes the origin of the State based on natural development. Therefore, the state is a viable and free seu conciliatory judicial body. The highest goal of the state is to maintain peace, promote prosperity and provide opportunities for the people to develop themselves freely. The main task of the state to achieve this is to create laws - laws in the interest and welfare of the people. The highest authority in the country and the government lies in the legislature so that the government is just a tool of lawmakers - law. The legislators are the people because the highest sovereignty is in the hands of the people and the source of the laws is the people as a whole.

The government is in the hands of the people and is responsible to the people. The people may punish the ruler if it turns out that the ruler violates the law.

Marsilius opposed the theory of light, the teachings of the two swords, and the gift of Constantin. Marsilius wanted the Pope to be elected by the people so that the highest power was placed in the hands of the consultative body of the churches (concilie). In the relationship between state and church, Marsilius argued that the position of the church is in the downstate so that the church was not entitled to make laws, because only people have the right to make laws.

As a result of his thinking, Marsilius was considered a hypocrite by the church, because of his opposition to the church and to want a democratic government in accordance with the wishes of the people.