Niccolo Machiavelli Il Principe dassollen and das-sein
Biography of Niccolo Machiavelli
Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence.
Niccolo Machiavelli lived in 1469-1527.
Niccolo Machiavelli's teachings about the state and the law are written in his very famous book entitled "Il Principe" meaning the King or Textbook for the King.
This book is intended as a guide or guide for the kings in running his government, so that the king can hold and run the government well, to reunite the country of Italy which at that time was in turmoil and the country was divided.
In the book "Il Principe" also explains Machiavelli's stance on the principles of morality and decency in the constitutional order.
Niccolo Machiavelli and Aristotle
Although Aristotle had previously divided and distinguished between the teachings of morality and the teachings of the state and the law, he still tended to base the teachings of the state and the law on the principles of morality.
"But that is not the case with Niccolo Machiavelli. Aristotle clearly and unequivocally shows the separation between the principles of morality and the principles of statehood, which means that people in the field of nationalism do not need to pay attention or pay attention to the principles of morality. People, even the country of interest will be harmed if they do not do so. ”
Niccolo Machiavelli's teachings or views above are very influential and can even be said to be a reflection of what he knows in practice as a statesman and what he has done, because he considers it necessary to organize the interests of the state, he appointed as a general theory of constitutional practice. the brave and the brave.
This is where Niccolo Machiavelli seems to be deeply influenced by the situation in his homeland, Italy. Because the situation in Italy at that time was experiencing chaos and division, he wanted the formation of Zentral Gewalt (central system of government).
The meaning is that thus the situation can be calmed down again.
Thus it will be seen that there is a great difference between the spirit of the teachings of the Middle Ages and the teachings of Niccolo Machiavelli which reflects the spirit of the renaissance.
Because all the teachings about the state and the laws that were put forward in the Middle Ages, such as: the theory of two swords, the theory of sunshine and the moon, the theory of the key to power from the Pope, the theory of organism about the state, etc. without leaving any trace, and in his books, Niccolo Machiavelli does not discuss these theories in the slightest.
The teachings of Niccolo Machiavelli, which replaced theological teachings of the medieval period, were cosmic Naturalistic, a modern realism, based on ancient teachings, especially from the practice of Roman government.
The goal of the state according to Niccolo Machiavelli was very different from the previous teachings that to achieve perfection as taught by medieval scholars.
"According to Niccolo Machiavelli, the goal of the state is to maintain order, security and peace. And this can only be achieved by the government of a king who has absolute power. So the effort is towards gaining and gathering the greatest power in the hands of the king. "
But all that is not the ultimate goal of the country, but only a means to achieve the higher goal of shared prosperity.
What is meant is prosperity with the Italian people.
So if in the past the purpose of the country was always cultural, while according to Niccolo Machiavelli the purpose of the country alone is power.
The teachings of Niccolo Machiavelli are mostly more practical in the science of nationalism (state law) than the theory of state and law (state science), although in fact the latter is the basis of the former.
Niccolo Machiavelli is a true realist who is first and foremost in the science of the country.
Niccolo Machiavelli dassollen dan das-sein
So in accordance with his teachings, the first to form a central system of government, Niccolo Machiavelli in his teachings has firmly separated the moral and ethical principles from the principles of the state.
Because this moral and ethics is something to be expected, is dassollen.
While the constitution is a reality, it is das-sein.
Though a fact is always different from what is always expected. What a difference there is between the way people should live and the way people actually live.
What he always says is not always the same as what he does.
Until people will be more destructive than saving themselves when people forget that true statement.
In the midst of evil people, good people will surely perish.
So a king must learn not to be a good person.
The king does not have to be bound by the agreements he has made, when the agreement when fulfilled will be to the detriment of his country. So the king can break the promise when it is for the benefit of his country.
"In accordance with the realistic nature of Niccolo Machiavelli says that the country exists for the benefit of the country itself, and the country should pursue its own goals and interests in the way it deems most appropriate, albeit in a very cunning way."
Thus the interests of the state are made the highest measure for the implementation of government and all human actions.
Therefore, Niccolo Machiavelli not only considered the need to let go of theological thoughts at all, but also morality and morality.
Because the practice of morality and morality in nature is far from the practice of statehood that is real.
With the teachings of Niccolo Machiavelli, people named the teachings of state interests or Staats-raison.
To be clear again we mention that Niccolo Machiavelli was a great thinker of the renaissance.
His teachings are generally a reflection of what he knows in practice.
And in the teachings of Niccolo Machiavelli, for the sake of the state, namely to form a central and absolute system of government in the country to reunite the Italian state which at the time was in turmoil and division, he did not hesitate to separate strictly between moral principles and morality. the principle of nationhood.
Niccolo Machiavelli's words about the separation of moral principles and morality from the principles of statehood :
"What a big difference between the way people should live and the way people actually live. So that people will destroy or destroy themselves more than will save themselves, when they forget the real statement. In the environment of the wicked, the good will surely perish.So a king must learn not to be a good person. Therefore a king must also be able to not keep his promise. Only kings who can do so have achieved great results. Because people who believe in the honesty of others, have been defeated because of it.That is what history teaches us. That is why people should fight using power and violence like animals, and not using the law. A king must be able to be an animal that is a deer and a lion at once.It is a deer, so that it does not get caught in other people's nets, and is a lion so that it does not tremble at the sound of wolves. Only then can he understand his job well. If the country will be harmed then the king does not have to keep his promise.If they are all good, then the rules are bad, but since they are all bad, then the rules are good. The kings have achieved great results because they did not keep the peace treaties.But people should be good at playing this role, they should be good at pretending and hiding something. Because whoever cheats will always find people who like to be cheated. ”
Furthermore, according to his naturalistic nature, Niccolo Machiavelli argues that law and power are the same.
For he that hath, to him shall be given: and he that hath not, from him shall be taken even that which he hath.
And the one who best played the role of king in the spirit of Niccolo’s mind of Machiavelli’s cunning was Emperor Borgia.
Because Emperor Borgia was the most superior king and in the field of violence, deception, persuasion, cunning and the like, he had high hopes of succeeding in achieving Italian unity, as a goal.
Van Schmid further states :
"but every person who still has higher ambitions, so that rises above reality than what his five senses can experience, and thus still feels his idealism a little in his heart, in addition to this naturalism, of course in his heart will hold a bit of a match against Niccolo Machiavelli's scenery.Thus this figure (referred to by Niccolo Machiavelli) will get more of a bad name than a famous name, not because he misrepresents reality, or because he has determined the wrong way to deal with it, but because he rejects everything that by the Middle Ages recommended to mankind as a lofty ideal that can guide him.By teaching its benefits, even the necessity of evil, Niccolo Machiavelli has wounded the high moral sense of many people. Therefore many people consider him a very evil man and reject all his personalities and teachings. Frederick the Great, for example, was deeply touched by his sense of morality because of the instructions given by Niccolo Machiavelli to the King, so he commissioned in 1740 his work Anti Machiavelli, in which Niccolo Machiavelli's book II Principe was covered chapter by chapter "
But later critics in the nineteenth century Von Mohl, Ranke, and Macaulay understood that Niccolo Machiavelli's realm of thought had not yet been thoroughly researched and interpreted only from the reader's a priori point of view.
Because Niccolo Machiavelli wants the good, not the bad. Indeed, evil in his teachings is not the goal, but only a necessary tool to achieve good, when this is unlikely to be achieved in this life in any other way.
In his works there is no part, where it does not appear, that this is the author's stance (referred to by Niccolo Machiavelli). also it never advocates evil.
That is to a person, except always and recklessly for the benefit of the people who serve the country, and never to fulfill his own greed, but to maintain the interests that lie outside the interests of the person who carries it.
So the question becomes increasingly difficult.
And everything depends on one's acceptance and interpretation.
But what is clear is that the attitude that Niccolo Machiavelli advocated for the members of the state is not the original thought of it.
There used to be that thought, Charles Benoist for example.
Charles Benoist authored a book on Machiavellism in the time before Niccolo Machiavelli lived.
Especially among the Romans the mind of Machiavellism already had great meaning in the life of the country.
But never have a theoretical basis.
Because as a theory of thought it is very contrary to the ideal realm of thought of that era, especially the realm of universal-theological thought of the Middle Ages.
"What does Niccolo Machiavelli think about the forms of government? In his opinion the best form is the Monarchy. Why is that? From his point of view Niccolo Machiavelli said, if the people are economically equally strong, then it is better to implement a democratic system of government, Niccolo Machiavelli gives high value to the Democracy, but for that it needs a whole of citizens who understand and have an appetite for business with that. While the form of Aristocracy he rejects. "
With the teachings of Niccolo Machiavelli above, we have indeed directly entered the practice of statehood and thoughts about the state and law in the renaissance with all the pros and cons of the understanding of individualism that prevailed in that era.
